Swimming and physical therapy after orthopedic surgery in pets

Swimming and physical therapy after orthopedic surgery in pets can make a significant difference in the speed and quality of recovery.

When a dog or cat undergoes an orthopedic procedure—such as TPLO surgery for a cruciate ligament rupture, femoral head ostectomy, or treatment for a luxating patella—the recovery process is not only about rest. In fact, too much inactivity can lead to muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and delayed healing. That’s where targeted physical therapy and low-impact activities like swimming come into play.

Swimming is an excellent form of exercise for post-operative pets because it allows them to move their joints without bearing weight.

The buoyancy of water supports the body, reducing stress on healing limbs and allowing for controlled movement. This helps maintain and gradually rebuild muscle mass, improve circulation, and increase range of motion—all essential aspects of a healthy orthopedic recovery. In addition, the resistance provided by water strengthens muscles more gently than exercises performed on land, making it ideal for pets in the early or intermediate stages of rehabilitation.

However, it’s important to introduce swimming at the right time. Starting too soon after surgery may put stress on the incision site or healing bones and joints. Most veterinarians recommend beginning hydrotherapy only after the surgical site is fully closed and inflammation has subsided, which usually occurs after two to four weeks—but this timeline varies depending on the procedure and the individual pet. Before starting, the surgeon or rehabilitation specialist should evaluate the animal and create a personalized plan that matches their current condition and healing stage.

Complementing swimming with land-based physical therapy can offer even greater benefits. Manual therapies, passive range-of-motion exercises, balance training, and controlled leash walking help pets regain confidence in using the affected limb. Therapeutic laser, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation may also be used to reduce pain and enhance tissue healing. Each modality should be chosen carefully, and only under professional guidance, to ensure it supports the healing process without causing setbacks.

In many cases, a structured physical therapy program—integrated with swimming sessions—can shorten recovery time, improve long-term mobility, and reduce the risk of future injury. It also helps pet owners feel more actively involved in their animal’s rehabilitation journey.

But it’s important to remember that not all pets enjoy water, and some may be anxious or uncomfortable. In these cases, alternatives such as underwater treadmills, assisted walking, or dry therapies can still provide valuable support.

Ultimately, the combination of swimming and physical therapy plays a central role in modern veterinary orthopedics. It helps pets transition from the passive phase of recovery to an active, engaged process that builds strength, restores function, and improves overall well-being.

References:

Millis, D. L., & Levine, D. (2014). Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy. Elsevier Health Sciences.Zink, M. C., & Van Dyke, J. B. (2013). Canine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. Wiley-Blackwell.

About the autor

Felipe Garofallo is a veterinarian in Brazil, specialized in orthopedic and neurosurgical care for dogs and cats.

He is also the founder of Ortho for Pets – Veterinary Orthopedics and Specialties.