Paroxysmal dyskinesia in dogs

Paroxysmal dyskinesia in dogs is a rare neurological condition characterized by intermittent episodes of involuntary abnormal movements. These episodes may include tremors, dystonia, choreiform movements, athetosis, or a combination of these manifestations — typically without loss of consciousness.

Paroxysmal dyskinesia in dogs is a rare neurological disorder characterized by intermittent episodes of involuntary abnormal movements. Unlike epileptic seizures, these episodes are not associated with epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram (EEG) and typically do not respond to traditional anticonvulsant medications.

Clinical signs vary depending on the severity and duration of the episodes. Affected dogs may display involuntary muscle contractions, abnormal postures, and difficulty walking, with episodes lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.

The interval between episodes is irregular — they may occur daily or with weeks in between. Owners often report that the episodes are triggered by exercise, excitement, or stress, although in many cases, no specific trigger can be identified.

The exact cause of paroxysmal dyskinesia in dogs remains unclear, but a genetic component is suspected, as the condition appears more frequently in certain breeds. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Border Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, and Scottish Terriers are among those most commonly reported.

In some breeds, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, specific genetic mutations have been associated with the condition.

Diagnosing paroxysmal dyskinesia can be challenging and is often based on the clinical history and video recordings of the episodes, since these events are intermittent and may not be observed during a veterinary consultation.

Advanced diagnostic tests, such as MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, may be necessary to rule out other neurological conditions, including inflammatory encephalopathies, metabolic disorders, and degenerative diseases.

Treatment varies and depends on the individual dog’s response to different therapeutic approaches. In some cases, dietary interventions — such as ketogenic or gluten-free diets — may be effective, especially when food sensitivities are suspected to play a role.

Drugs such as clonazepam, levetiracetam, or acetazolamide have shown benefits in some dogs, though responses vary widely.

Long-term monitoring is important to evaluate changes in frequency and intensity of episodes and to adjust treatment accordingly.

Since paroxysmal dyskinesia does not affect the dog's consciousness and often does not significantly impair quality of life, the prognosis is generally favorable. However, the intermittent and unpredictable nature of the episodes can be distressing for pet owners, making education and clear communication essential for proper management of the condition.

References

Black, V., Garosi, L., Lowrie, M., Harvey, R. J., Gale, J., & Volk, H. A. (2014). Phenotypic characterisation of canine paroxysmal dyskinesia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Border Terriers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(2), 406-413.

Packer, R. M. A., Lucas, R., & Volk, H. A. (2017). Clinical management and diagnostics of paroxysmal dyskinesia in dogs. The Veterinary Journal, 219, 42-48.