Hip dysplasia in Bernese Mountain Dogs

Hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic condition in dogs, characterized by abnormal development of the hip joint. This condition is particularly prevalent in large-breed dogs, such as the Bernese Mountain Dog, due to genetic and anatomical factors that predispose these animals to joint problems.

Hip dysplasia is a hereditary and multifactorial disease that results in incongruence between the femoral head and the acetabulum, leading to pain, inflammation, progressive joint degeneration, and osteoarthritis. Bernese Mountain Dogs, due to their large size and rapid growth, are at high risk of developing this condition — especially if proper preventive measures are not taken.

The condition usually manifests in the first few months of life, although clinical signs can vary greatly, ranging from mild to severe. In young dogs, hip dysplasia may be noticed through limping, difficulty rising or running, reluctance to climb stairs or jump, and a “bunny-hopping” gait (where the hind limbs move together). In older dogs, the disease is often accompanied by osteoarthritis, which worsens symptoms and negatively impacts quality of life.

Genetic factors play a crucial role in hip dysplasia. In Bernese Mountain Dogs, heredity is a key contributor, meaning dogs with dysplastic relatives have a higher likelihood of developing the condition. Genetic selection of breeding animals free from hip dysplasia is a recommended strategy to reduce the prevalence of the disease in the breed.

In addition to genetic influences, environmental factors also impact the development of hip dysplasia. Excess weight and inappropriate exercise during the dog’s growth period can exacerbate the condition. Therefore, it is essential that owners of this breed provide a balanced diet, maintain an ideal body condition, and ensure moderate physical activity to avoid overloading the developing joints.

Diagnosis of hip dysplasia is based on clinical evaluation and radiographic imaging. Hip X-rays are the most commonly used method to assess the degree of joint incongruence and the presence of osteoarthritis. In young dogs, it may be necessary to repeat radiographs at different ages to monitor disease progression. Grading systems, such as the Norberg-Olsson angle, are used to standardize radiographic evaluation and assist in breeding decisions.

Treatment for hip dysplasia may be conservative or surgical, depending on the severity of symptoms and the stage of the disease. Conservative approaches include weight management, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and chondroprotective supplements to relieve pain and slow osteoarthritis progression.

Physical therapy is particularly beneficial, as it strengthens the muscles around the hip and improves joint stability. In more advanced cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. Surgical options vary based on the dog's age, size, and the extent of joint damage.

For younger dogs, procedures such as juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) and double pelvic osteotomy (DPO) aim to correct abnormal joint development before osteoarthritis sets in. In adult dogs, procedures like double pelvic osteotomy and total hip replacement can provide significant pain relief and restore mobility.

Owners of Bernese Mountain Dogs should be alert to early signs of hip dysplasia and seek veterinary guidance if any changes in gait or behavior are observed. Prevention is key and includes selecting breeding animals free from hip dysplasia, controlling growth and weight, and providing appropriate nutrition and exercise.

References

Fossum, T. W. (2018). *Small Animal Surgery Textbook.* 5th ed. Elsevier.

Smith, G. K., et al. (2019). "Hip Dysplasia: Diagnosis and Therapy." *Journal of Veterinary Orthopedics*, 17(2), 112-125.