Bone fractures in dogs: How they heal and what to expect

Bone fractures in dogs are more common than many pet owners realize, often caused by trauma such as being hit by a car, falling from a height, or engaging in high-impact play. Regardless of the cause, a broken bone can be a painful and frightening experience for both the dog and its owner.

The healing process involves a complex biological response that aims to restore the integrity and function of the affected bone. Understanding how fractures heal and what to expect during the recovery period can help caregivers provide the necessary support and avoid complications.

When a bone breaks, the body initiates a healing cascade that starts with inflammation. Blood vessels in the area rupture, forming a hematoma around the fracture site. This clot is rich in cells that will begin the repair process, including inflammatory cells and specialized cells called osteoblasts, which are responsible for new bone formation. Over the next few days to weeks, the body forms a soft callus made of collagen and cartilage, gradually replacing it with a hard callus of immature bone.

This immature bone is not yet as strong as normal bone, but it provides initial stability. Eventually, the bone undergoes remodeling, a process that can take several months, during which the newly formed bone is reshaped and strengthened to match the original bone’s structure and function.

The duration and quality of bone healing depend on several factors, including the type and location of the fracture, the dog’s age and overall health, and the treatment method used. Puppies tend to heal faster than older dogs due to their higher metabolic activity and growth potential.

Simple fractures with good alignment usually heal more quickly and predictably than complex or comminuted fractures, which may involve multiple fragments or poor bone contact. In some cases, surgery is required to realign and stabilize the bone using plates, screws, pins, or external fixators.

Other fractures may be managed conservatively with splints or casts, depending on the veterinarian’s assessment.

Throughout the recovery process, it's crucial to follow veterinary instructions carefully. This often includes restricting physical activity to prevent stress on the healing bone, administering medications for pain and inflammation, and monitoring the surgical or immobilization site for signs of infection or complications.

Periodic follow-up X-rays are commonly taken to assess healing progress and determine when the dog can gradually return to normal activity. While most fractures heal well with appropriate treatment, some may experience delayed union, nonunion, or malunion, which might require additional interventions.

In addition to medical care, emotional support and a calm environment contribute to a smoother recovery. Dogs may experience stress, anxiety, or boredom during crate rest or activity restrictions, so providing mental enrichment, companionship, and gentle care is essential.

Pet owners should also ensure a well-balanced diet, as adequate nutrition supports the healing of bones and soft tissues. Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and protein all play key roles in bone regeneration and strength.

In the end, most dogs recover well from fractures, especially with attentive care, proper treatment, and patience. Watching a beloved pet go through the healing journey can be challenging, but knowing what to expect and staying in close communication with the veterinary team can make all the difference in ensuring a successful outcome.

References:

1. Johnson, A. L., & Houlton, J. E. F. (1995). Fracture Management in Small Animal Practice. Saunders.
   

2. Piermattei, D. L., Flo, G. L., & DeCamp, C. E. (2006). Brinker, Piermattei and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair. Saunders Elsevier.

About the autor

Felipe Garofallo is a veterinarian in Brazil, specialized in orthopedic and neurosurgical care for dogs and cats.

He is also the founder of Ortho for Pets – Veterinary Orthopedics and Specialties.